James IV of Scotland

The most cultured and capable of the Scottish Stewart kings, fluent in seven languages and patron of the printing press, the navy, and the College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. His marriage to Margaret Tudor in 1503 — the Treaty of Perpetual Peace — was meant to end centuries of Anglo-Scottish warfare and would, three generations later, deliver the English crown to his great-grandson. He broke the peace himself in 1513, invaded England in support of his French ally, and was killed at Flodden along with most of the Scottish nobility.