Tudor

All figures

• Henry VII1457 – 1509
• Catherine of Aragon1485 – 1536
• Arthur, Prince of Wales1486 – 1502
• Margaret Tudor1489 – 1541
• Henry VIII1491 – 1547
• Mary Tudor, Queen of France1496 – 1533
• Anne Boleyn1501 – 1536
• Jane Seymour1508 – 1537
• Catherine Parr1512 – 1548
• Anne of Cleves1515 – 1557
• Mary I1516 – 1558
• Catherine Howard1523 – 1542
• Elizabeth I1533 – 1603
• Edward VI1537 – 1553
• Lady Jane Grey1537 – 1554

Related events

• Conflict

  Wars of the Roses

  1455 – 1487· this dynasty: ultimate beneficiary

  Thirty-two years of intermittent civil war between the Lancastrian and Yorkist branches of the Plantagenet dynasty, triggered by the recurring incapacity of Henry VI and the rival claim of Richard, Duke of York. The conflict produced six battles in the 1450s–1460s, the murderous reign of Edward IV, the disappearance of his sons in the Tower, and the final defeat of Richard III at Bosworth in 1485. Resolved by the marriage of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York the following year.

  Also involved: Plantagenet

• Conflict

  Battle of Bosworth Field

  1485· this dynasty: founded

  On 22 August 1485, Henry Tudor's army of perhaps five thousand met Richard III's larger royal force on Ambion Hill in Leicestershire. The crucial defection of the Stanleys mid-battle, and Richard's reckless personal charge in an attempt to kill Henry himself, decided the outcome. Richard III became the last English king to die in battle; Henry VII was crowned on the field. The Plantagenet dynasty ended on the same hour the Tudor dynasty began.

  Also involved: Plantagenet (destroyed)

• Marriage

  Marriage of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York

  1486

  On 18 January 1486 Henry Tudor married Elizabeth of York, eldest surviving daughter of Edward IV, in Westminster Abbey. The match fused the warring Lancastrian and Yorkist branches of the Plantagenet house, ending the Wars of the Roses by dynastic union rather than continued bloodshed. Their grandson Henry VIII would be the result; through their granddaughter Margaret, the union also transmitted the English crown to the Stuart line a century later.

  Also involved: Plantagenet (absorbed via Elizabeth)

• Event

  English Reformation

  1534

  The Act of Supremacy, passed by Parliament in November 1534, declared Henry VIII supreme head of the Church of England and severed jurisdictional ties with Rome. The break originated in Henry's refusal to accept Pope Clement VII's denial of his annulment from Catherine of Aragon and his determination to marry Anne Boleyn; it produced the dissolution of the English monasteries, the seizure of perhaps a fifth of the kingdom's wealth, and the foundation of the Anglican church.

• Marriage

  Marriage of Mary I and Philip II of Spain

  1554

  On 25 July 1554 Mary Tudor married her cousin Philip of Spain, son of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, in Winchester Cathedral. The match was deeply unpopular in England — a Catholic prince of the rising Habsburg superpower marrying the reigning queen on terms widely seen as compromising English sovereignty. The marriage produced no children; on Mary's death Philip lost his English title and pursued the throne through war against her Protestant successor Elizabeth.

  Also involved: Spanish Habsburgs

• Event

  Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots

  1587· this dynasty: executing power

  On 8 February 1587, after nineteen years of English captivity and three botched plots against Elizabeth I in her name, Mary Stuart was beheaded at Fotheringhay Castle. Elizabeth signed the warrant under enormous Privy Council pressure and later professed bitter regret. Mary's son James VI of Scotland — destined to inherit the English throne sixteen years later — protested the execution but did not break with England over it.

  Also involved: Stuart

• Conflict

  Defeat of the Spanish Armada

  1588· this dynasty: victor

  Philip II of Spain assembled the Grande y Felicísima Armada — 130 ships, 30,000 men — to invade Elizabethan England, depose its Protestant queen, and reclaim the English throne for Catholicism. English long-range gunnery, fireships at Calais, and the great Atlantic gales drove the fleet north around Scotland and Ireland; perhaps half the ships and most of the men never returned to Spain. The defeat ended Spain's century-long dominance of European warfare.

  Also involved: Spanish Habsburgs (defeated)

• Succession

  Union of the Crowns

  1603· this dynasty: ended

  Elizabeth I died childless on 24 March 1603 with the words "my cousin of Scotland" reportedly her last designation of an heir. Her great-grandnephew James VI of Scotland — descended from Henry VII through his daughter Margaret Tudor — inherited the English and Irish crowns the same day, uniting the three British kingdoms under a single monarch for the first time. Each kept its own parliament, courts, and church.

  Also involved: Stuart (inherited the English crown)

See also