Stuart

All figures

• James IV of Scotland1473 – 1513
• James V of Scotland1512 – 1542
• Mary, Queen of Scots1542 – 1587
• James VI and I1566 – 1625
• Charles I1600 – 1649
• Henrietta Maria of France1609 – 1669
• Charles II1630 – 1685
• James II and VII1633 – 1701
• William III1650 – 1702
• Mary of Modena1658 – 1718
• Mary II1662 – 1694
• Anne1665 – 1714

Related events

• Event

  Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots

  1587

  On 8 February 1587, after nineteen years of English captivity and three botched plots against Elizabeth I in her name, Mary Stuart was beheaded at Fotheringhay Castle. Elizabeth signed the warrant under enormous Privy Council pressure and later professed bitter regret. Mary's son James VI of Scotland — destined to inherit the English throne sixteen years later — protested the execution but did not break with England over it.

  Also involved: Tudor (executing power)

• Succession

  Union of the Crowns

  1603· this dynasty: inherited the English crown

  Elizabeth I died childless on 24 March 1603 with the words "my cousin of Scotland" reportedly her last designation of an heir. Her great-grandnephew James VI of Scotland — descended from Henry VII through his daughter Margaret Tudor — inherited the English and Irish crowns the same day, uniting the three British kingdoms under a single monarch for the first time. Each kept its own parliament, courts, and church.

  Also involved: Tudor (ended)

• Event

  Execution of Charles I

  1649

  On 30 January 1649, Charles I was beheaded on a scaffold erected outside the Banqueting House in Whitehall — the only English king ever publicly executed by his own subjects. Defeated in two civil wars, refused parliamentary compromise, and convicted of high treason by a tribunal of fifty-nine commissioners (the Rump Parliament had voted away the House of Lords specifically to bring him to trial), he wore two shirts to avoid shivering on the cold morning lest the crowd mistake it for fear.

• Succession

  Glorious Revolution

  1688

  An invitation from seven English peers brought William of Orange and a Dutch army ashore at Torbay on 5 November 1688. James II, lacking confidence in his own troops and forces, fled to France within weeks. Parliament declared the throne vacant by James's flight and offered it jointly to his daughter Mary and her husband William, on conditions later codified in the Bill of Rights. The settlement fixed parliamentary supremacy as the operating constitution of England.

• Alliance

  Acts of Union

  1707

  Parallel Acts passed by the parliaments of England and Scotland in 1706 and 1707 dissolved both legislatures and created a single Kingdom of Great Britain with a unified parliament at Westminster. Scotland retained its distinct legal system, established church, and educational institutions. The union was politically driven (Scotland's financial collapse after the Darien venture, English fears of a separate Stuart restoration) and deeply unpopular in Scotland for generations.

See also