Khazar
Caspian Steppe / Eurasia · 650 – 969
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Nomadic and semi-nomadic confederations of the Pontic and Central Asian steppe.
3 dynasties
Caspian Steppe / Eurasia · 650 – 969
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Pontic Steppe · 1000 – 1241
2 figures
Mongol Empire / Eurasian Steppe · 1206 – 1368
The largest contiguous land empire in human history, built in a single generation by Genghis Khan and his sons. At its 1279 peak it spanned from the Pacific to the Black Sea, ruling perhaps a hundred million people across China, Central Asia, Persia, Mesopotamia, and the Russian steppe. Within a century of its founding it had fragmented into four major khanates — the Yuan dynasty in China, the Ilkhanate in Persia, the Chagatai Khanate in Central Asia, and the Golden Horde over Russia — each ruled by descendants of Genghis.
14 figures